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From the Townsend Letter
November 2007

 

Vaccination:
An Updated Analysis of the Health Risks
Part 2

By Gary Null, PhD and Martin Feldman, MD

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Page 1, 2, Notes

Notes

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Comparison of 20th century estimated U.S. annual morbidity and 2004 morbidity from vaccine-preventable diseases. Available at Immunization Action Coalition, www.immunize.org/catg.d/4037stop.htm.
2. United States diphtheria mortality rate from 1900-1967. HealthSentinel.com. Available at: www.healthsentinel.com/graphs.php?id=16&event=graphs_print_list_item.
3. Pertussis Outbreak Digest 2004. www.pertussis.com/digest/index.html
(Dec. 2007: Link not working.)
4. Jajosky RA, Hall PA, Adams DA, et al. Summary of notifiable diseases — United States, 2004. MMWR 2006; 53(53):1-79.
5. Hutchins SS, et al. Current epidemiology of pertussis in the United States. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 1988; 13 Suppl:103-109.
6. Broder KR, Cortese MM, Iskander JK, et al. Preventing tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis among adolescents: use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccines recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2006; 55(RR-3):1-34.
7. Munoz FM. Pertussis in infants, children, and adolescents: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 2006; 17(1):14-19.
8. Tan T, Trinade E, Skowronski D. Epidemiology of pertussis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24(5Suppl):S10-18.
9. Omer SB, Pan WK, Halsey NA, Stokley S, et al. Nonmedical exemptions to school immunization requirements: secular trends and association of state policies with pertussis incidence. JAMA 2006; 296(14):1757-1763.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for safety after immunization: Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)—United States, 1991-2001. MMWR Surveill Summ 2003; 52(No. SS-1):1-24.
11. Geier DA, Geier MR. An evaluation of serious neurological disorders following immunization: a comparison of whole-cell pertussis and acellular pertussis vaccines. Brain Dev 2004; 26(5):296-300.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, op. cit.
13. Braun MM, Mootrey GT, Salive ME, et al. Infant immunization with acellular pertussis vaccines in the United States: assessment of the first two years' data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS). Pediatrics 2000; 106(4):E51.
14. Geier DA, Geier MR. An evaluation of serious neurological disorders following immunization: a comparison of whole-cell pertussis and acellular pertussis vaccines. Brain Dev 2004; 26(5):296-300.
15. Kuno-Sakai H, Kimuar M. Safety and efficacy of acellular pertussis vaccine in Japan, evaluated by 23 years of its use for routine immunization. Pediatr Int 2004; 46(6):650-655.
16. Le Saux N, Barrowman NJ, Moore DL, et al. Decrease in hospital admissions for febrile seizures and reports of hypotonic-hyporesponsive episodes presenting to hospital emergency departments since switching to acellular vaccine in Canada: a report from IMPACT. Pediatrics 2003; 112(5):e348.
17. Miller DL, et al. Pertussis immunisation and serious acute neurological illness in children. Br Med J 1981 May 16; 282(6276):1595-1599.
18. Gale JL, et al. Risk of serious acute neurological illness after immunization with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. A population-based case-control study. JAMA 1994 Jan 5; 271(1):37-41.
19. Menkes JH, et al. Workshop on neurologic complications of pertussis and pertussis vaccination. Neuropediatrics 1990; 21(4):171-176.
20. Murphy JV, et al. Recurrent seizures after diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine immunization. Onset less than 24 hours after vaccination. Am J Dis Child 1984; 138(10):908-911.
21. Stetler HC, et al. History of convulsions and use of pertussis vaccine. J Pediatr 1985; 107(2):17517-9.
22. Hirtz DG, et al. Seizures following childhood immunizations. J Pediatr 1983; 102(1):14-18.
23. Torch, WS. Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) immunization: a potential cause of the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Neurology 1982; 32(4):A169 (abstract).
24. Torch WC. Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) immunization may be an unrecognized cause of sudden infant death (SIDS) and near-miss syndrome (NMS): 12 case reports. Neurology 1986 b (suppl 1); 36:149 (abstract).
25. Torch WC. Characteristics of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) postvaccinal deaths and DPT-caused sudden infant deaths syndrome (SIDS): a review. Neurology 1986 a (suppl 1); 36:148 (abstract).
26. Baraff LJ, et al. Possible temporal association between diphtheria-tetanus toxoid-pertussis vaccination and sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis 1983; 2(1):7-11.
27. Walker AM, et al. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunization and sudden infant death syndrome. Am J Public Health 1987; 77(8):945-951.
28. Update: vaccine side effects, adverse reactions, contraindications, and precautions recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1996; 45(RR-12):1-35.
29. Hoffman HS, Hunter JC, Damus K, et al. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunization and sudden infant death: results of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Cooperative Epidemiological Study of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Risk Factors. Pediatrics 1987; 79:598-611 [cited by CDC].
30. Bouvier-Colle MH, Flahaut A, Messiah A, et al. Sudden infant death and immunization: an extensive epidemiological approach to the problem in France. Int J Epidemiol 1986; 18:121-126 [cited by CDC].
31. Odent MR, et al. Pertussis vaccination and asthma: is there a link? JAMA 1994; 272(8):592-593.
32. Farooqi IS, Hopkin JM. Early childhood infection and atopic disorder. Thorax 1998; 53(11):927-392.
33. DeStefano F. Gu D, Kramarz P, et al. Childhood vaccinations and risk of asthma. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21(6):498-504.
34. Bernsen RM, de Jongste JC, Koes BW, et al. Diphtheria tetanus pertussis poliomyelitis vaccination and reported atopic disorders in 8-12-year-old children. Vaccine 2006; 24(12):2035-2042.
35. Bakshi R, et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome after combined tetanus-diphtheria toxoid vaccination. J Neurol Sci 1997; 147(2):201-202.
36. Bolukbasi O, et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with tetanus vaccination. Eur Neurol 1999; 41(4):231-232.
37. Read SJ, et al. Acute transverse myelitis after tetanus toxoid vaccination. Lancet 1992; 339(8801):1111-1112.
38. Topaloglu H, et al. Optic neuritis and myelitis after booster tetanus toxoid vaccination. Lancet 1992; 339(8786):178-179.
39. Schlenska GK. Unusual neurological complications following tetanus toxoid administration. J Neurol 1977; 215(4):299-302.
40. Baust W, et al. Peripheral neuropathy after administration of tetanus toxoid. J Neurol 1979; 222(2):131-133.
41. Fardon DF. Unusual reactions to tetanus toxoid. JAMA 1967;199(2):125-126.
42. Rose I. Adverse reactions to tetanus toxoid. Lancet 1973; 1(7799):380.
43. Sutter RW. Adverse reactions to tetanus toxoid. JAMA 1994; 271(20):1629.
44. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Poliomyelitis prevention in the United States: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2000 May 19; 49(RR-5):1-22.
45. Alexander LN, Seward JF, Santibanez TA, Pallansch MA, Kew OM, et al. Vaccine policy changes and epidemiology of poliomyelitis in the United States. JAMA 2004; 292(14):1696-1701.
46. Ibid.
47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Imported vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis – United States, 2005. MMWR 2006; 55(4):97-99.
48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Poliovirus infections in four unvaccinated children – Minnesota, August-October 2005. MMWR 2005; 54(41):1053-1055.
49. Alexander, op. cit.
50. Wattigney WA, Mootrey GT, Braun MM, et al. Surveillance for poliovirus vaccine adverse events, 1991 to 1998: impact of a sequential vaccination schedule of inactivated poliovirus vaccine followed by oral poliovirus vaccine. Pediatrics 2001; 107(5):e83.
51. Kinnunen E, et al. Nationwide oral poliovirus vaccination campaign and the incidence of Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Am J Epidemiol 1998; 147(1):69-73.
52. Uhari M, et al. Cluster of childhood Guillain-Barre cases after an oral poliovaccine campaign. Lancet 1989 Aug 19; 2(8660):440-1.
53. Friedrich F, et al. Temporal association between the isolation of Sabin-related poliovirus vaccine strains and the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1996; 38(1):55-8.
54. Rantala H, Cherry JD, Shields WD, et al. Epidemiology of Guillain-Barry syndrome in children: relationship of oral polio vaccine administration to occurrence. J Pediatr 1994; 124(2):220-223.
55. Ismail EA, Shabani IS, Badawi M, et al. An epidemiologic, clinical, and therapeutic study of childhood Guillain-Barre syndrome in Kuwait: is it related to the oral polio vaccine? J Child Neurol 1998; 13(10):488-492.
56. Friedrich F. Rare adverse events associated with oral poliovirus vaccine in Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res 1997; 30(6):695-703.
57. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Simian virus 49 (SV40), polio vaccine, and cancer. Last modified April 22, 2004.
58. Vilchez RA, Kozinetz CA, Arrington AS, et al. Simian virus 40 in human cancers. Am J Med 2003; 114(8):675-684.
59. Vilchez RA, Madden CR, Kozinetz CA, et al. Association between simian virus 40 and non0Hodgkin's lymphoma. Lancet 2002; 359(9309):817-823.
60. Shivapurkar N, Harada K, Reddy J, et al. Presence of simian virus 40 DNA sequences in human lymphomas. Lancet 2002; 359(9309):851-852.
61. Testa JR, et al. A multi-institutional study confirms the presence and expression of simian virus 40 in human malignant mesotheliomas. Cancer Res 1998; 58(20):4505-4509.
62. Carbone M, Pass HI, Rizzo P, Marinetti M, Di Muzio M, et al. Simian virus 40-like DNA sequences in human pleural mesothelioma. Oncogene 1994; 9(6):1781-1790.
63. Martini F, et al. Simian virus 40 footprints in normal human tissues, brain and bone tumours of different histotypes. Dev Biol Stand 1998; 94:55-66.
64. Martini F, et al. SV40 early region and large T antigen in human brain tumors, peripheral blood cells, and sperm fluids from healthy individuals. Cancer Res 1996; 56(20):4820-4825.
65. Huang H, et al. Identification in human brain tumors of DNA sequences specific for SV40 large T antigen. Brain Pathol 1999; 9(1):33-42.
66. Bergsagel DJ, et al. DNA sequences similar to those of simian virus 40 in ependymomas and choroid plexus tumors of childhood. N Engl J Med 1992; 326(15):988-993.
67. Lednicky JA, et al. SV40 DNA in human osteosarcomas shows sequence variation among T-antigen genes. Int J Cancer 1997; 72(5):791-800.
68. Carbone M, et al. SV40-like sequences in human bone tumors. Oncogene 1996; 13(3):527-535.
69. Rizzo P, et al. Evidence for and implications of SV40-like sequences in human mesotheliomas and osteosarcomas. Dev Biol Stand 1998; 94:33-40.
70. Galateau-Salle F, et al. SV40-like DNA sequences in pleural mesothelioma, bronchopulmonary carcinoma, and non-malignant pulmonary diseases. J Pathol 1998; 184(3):252-257.
71. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Simian virus 49 (SV40), polio vaccine, and cancer. Last modified April 22, 2004.
72. Link K. The Vaccine Controversy: The History, Use, and Safety of Vaccinations. Westport, Conn.; Praeger Publishers; 2005:29.
73. Strickler HD, Rosenberg PS, Devesa SS, et al. Contamination of poliovirus vaccines with simian virus 40 (1955-1963) and subsequent cancer rates. JAMA 1998; 279(4):292-295.
74. Mortimer EA, Lepow ML, Gold E, et al. Long-term follow-up of persons inadvertently inoculated with SV40 as neonates. Medical Intelligence 1981; 305:1517-1518 [cited by CDC].
75. Carroll-Pankhurst C, Engels EA, Strickler HD, et al. Thirty-five year mortality following receipt of SV40-contaminated polio vaccine during the neonatal period. Br J Cancer 2001; 85(9):1295-1297 [cited by CDC].
76. National Immunization Program. New ACIP recommendations. NIP's Immunization Works! Newsletter, July 2006.
77. Ibid.
78. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public health response to varicella outbreaks --- United States, 2003-2004. MMWR 2006; 55(36):993-995.
79. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of varicella among vaccinated children—Michigan, 2003. MMWR 2004; 53(18):389-393.
80. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Varicella outbreak among vaccinated children—Nebraska, 2005. MMWR 2006; 55(27):749-752.
81. Buchholz U, et al. Varicella outbreaks after vaccine licensure: should they make you chicken? Pediatrics 1999; 104(3 Pt 1):561-563.
82. National Immunization Program, op. cit.
83. Clements DA, et al. Over five-year follow-up of Oka/Merck varicella vaccine recipients in 465 infants and adolescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995; 14(10):874-879.
84. Johnson CE, et al. A long-term prospective study of varicella vaccine in healthy children. Pediatrics 1997; 100(5):761-766.
85. Takayama N, et al. High incidence of breakthrough varicella observed in healthy Japanese children immunized with live attenuated varicella vaccine (Oka strain). Acta Paediatr Jpn 1997; 39(6):663-668.
86. Galil K, Lee B, Strine T, et al. Outbreak of varicella at a day-care center despite vaccination. N Engl J Med 2002; 347(24):1909-1915.
87. Lee BR, Feaver SL, Miller CA, et al. An elementary school outbreak of varicella attributed to vaccine failure. J Infect Dis 2004; 190(3):477-483. Epub 2004 Jun 29.
88. Haddad MB, Hill MB, Pavia AT, et al. Vaccine effectiveness during a varicella outbreak among schoolchildren: Utah, 2002-2003. Pediatrics 2005; 115(6):1488-1493.
89. Lopez AS, Guris D, Zimmerman L, et al. One dose of varicella vaccine does not prevent school outbreaks: is it time for a second dose? Pediatrics 2006; 117(6):e1070-1077.
90. Galil K, Fair E, Mountcastle N, et al. Younger age at vaccination may increase risk of varicella vaccine failure. J Infect Dis 2002; 186:102-105.
91. Tugwell BD, Lee LE, Gilette H, et al. Chickenpox outbreak in a highly vaccinated school population. Pediatrics 2004; 113(3 Pt 1):455-459.
92. Bernstein HH, et al. Clinical survey of natural varicella compared with breakthrough varicella after immunization with live attenuated Oka/Merck varicella vaccine. Pediatrics 1993; 92(6):833-837.
93. Galil K, Lee B, Strine T, et al. Outbreak of varicella at a day-care center despite vaccination. N Engl J Med 2002; 347(24):1909-1915.
94. Wise RP, Salive ME, Braun MM, et al. Postlicensure safety surveillance for faricella vaccine. JAMA 2000; 284(10):1271-1279.
95. Link, op. cit., p.52-53.
96. Connan L, et al. Intra-uterine fetal death following maternal varicella infection. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68(1-2):205-207.
97. Brisson M et al. Exposure to varicella boosts immunity to herpes zoster. Vaccine 2002; 20:2500-2507.
98. Link, op. cit., p. 52-53.
99. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Product approval information – licensing action. Zostavax questions and answers. Updated May 26, 2996.
100. Freed GL, Bordley WC, Clark SJ, et al. Reactions of pediatricians to a new Centers for Disease Control recommendation for universal immunization of infants with hepatitis B. Pediatrics 1993; 91(4):699-702.
101. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for safety after immunization: Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) – United States, 1991 – 2001. MMWR 2003 52(SS-1):1-24.
102. Niu MT, Davis DM, Ellenberg S. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccination of neonates and infants: emerging safety data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15(9):771-776.
103. Statement of the Association of American Physicians and Surgeons on Vaccines: Public Safety and Personal Choice before the Committee on Government Reform and Oversight U.S. House of Representatives. From www.aapsonline.org/aaps/
104. Dunbar B. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy and Human Resources of the House Government Reform Committee. May 8, 1999, transcript by Federal News Service.
105. Geier MR, Geier DA. A case-series of adverse events, positive re-challenge of symptoms, and events in identical twins following hepatitis B vaccination: analysis of the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting Systom (VAERS) and literature review. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2004; 22(6):749-755.
106. Tourbah A, Gout O, Liblau R, et al. Encephalitis after hepatitis B vaccination: recurrent disseminated encephalitis or MS? Neurology 1999; 53(2):396-401.
107. Herroelen L, et al. Central-nervous-system demyelination after immunisation with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet 1991; 338(8776):1174-1175.
108. Viral Hepatitis Prevention Board. Hepatitis B vaccine and central nervous system demyelinating diseases. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18(1):23-24. Review.
109. Nadler JP. Multiple sclerosis and hepatitis B vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17(5):928-929.
110. Hall A, et al. Multiple sclerosis and hepatitis B vaccine? Vaccine 1999; 17(20-21):2473-2475.
111. Geier DA, Geier MR. A one year followup of chronic arthritis following rubella and hepatitis B vaccination based upon analysis of the Vaccine Adverse Events Reports System (VAERS) database. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002; 20(6):767-771.
112. Birley HD, et al. Hepatitis B immunisation and reactive arthritis. BMJ 1994; 309(6967):1514.
113. Pope JE, et al. The development of rheumatoid arthritis after recombinant hepatitis B vaccination. J Rheumatol 1998; 25(9):1687-1693.
114. Bracci M, et al. Polyarthritis associated with hepatitis B vaccination. Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36(2):300-301.
115. Hachulla E, et al. Reactive arthritis after hepatitis B vaccination. J Rheumatol 1990; 17(9):1250-1251.
116. Vautier G, et al. Acute sero-positive rheumatoid arthritis occurring after hepatitis vaccination. Br J Rheumatol 1994; 33(10):991.
117. Grotto I, et al. Major adverse reactions to yeast-derived hepatitis B vaccines-a review. Vaccine 1998; 16(4):3293-34.
118. Institute of Medicine. Immunization safety review: hepatitis B vaccine and demyelinating neurological disorders. May 30, 2002.
119. DeStefano F, Verstraeten T, Jackson La, et al. Vaccinations and risk of central nervous system demyelinating diseases in adults. Arch Neurol 2003; 60(4):504-509.
120. Hernan MA, Jick SS, Olek MJ, Jick H. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and the risk of multiple sclerosis: a prospective study. Neurology 2004; 63(5):838-842.
121. Incao, Philip, M.D. Letter to Representative Dale Van Vyven, Ohio House of Representatives. March 1, 1999. Provided to www.garynull.com by The Natural Immunity Information Network.
122. Petersen KM, Bulkow LR, McMahon BJ, et al. Duration of hepatitis B immunity in low-risk children receiving hepatitis B vaccinations from birth. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 223(7):650-655.
123. Van der Sande MA, Waight P, Mendy M, et al. Long-term protection against carriage of hepatitis B virus after infant vaccination. J Infect Dis 2006; 193(11):1528-1535.
124. Hadler SC, et al. Long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in homosexual men. N Engl J Med 1986; 315(4):209-214.
125. Pasko MT, et al. Persistence of anti-HBs among health care personnel immunized with hepatitis B vaccine. Am J Public Health 1990; 80(5):590-593.
126. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Measles, mumps and rubella—vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR 1998; 47(RR-8):1-67.
127. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Measles – United States, 2004. MMWR 2005; 54(48):1229-1231.
128. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Measles – United States, 1999. MMWR 2000; 49(25):557-560.
129. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Elimination of rubella and rubella congenital syndrome – United States, 1969 – 2004. MMWR 2005; 54(11):279-282.
130. Stratton KR, Howe CJ, Johnston RB Jr. Adverse events associated with childhood vaccines other than pertussis and rubella. Summary of a report from the Institute of Medicine. JAMA 1994; 271(20):1602-1605.
131. Howson CP, Fineberg HV. Adverse events following pertussis and rubella vaccines. Summary of a report of the Institute of Medicine. JAMA 1992; 267(3):392-396.
132. Landrigan PJ, Witte JJ. Neurologic disorders following live measles virus vaccination. JAMA 1973; 223:1459-1462 [cited by CDC].
133. Davis RL, et al. MMR2 immunization at 4 to 5 years and 10 to 12 years of age: a comparison of adverse clinical events after immunization in the Vaccine Safety Datalink project. The Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Pediatrics 1997; 100(5):767-771.
134. Miller D, et al. Measles Vaccination and neurological events. Lancet 1997; 349(9053):730-731.
135. Sackey AH, et al. Hemiplegia after measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination. BMJ 1993; 306(6886):1169.
136. Kazarian EL, et al. Optic neuritis complicating measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination. Am J Opthalmol 1978; 86(4):544-547.
137. Kline LB, et al. Optic neuritis and myelitis following rubella vaccination. Arch Neurol 1982; 39(7):443-444.
138. Akobeng AK, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease, autism, and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999; 28(3):351-352.
139. Chiba Y, et al. Abnormalities of cellular immune response in arthritis induced by rubella vaccination. J Immunol 1976; 117(5 Pt 1):1684-1687.
140. Tingle AJ, et al. Postpartum rubella immunization: association with development of prolonged arthritis, neurological sequelae, and chronic rubella viremia. J Infect Dis 1985; 152(3):606-612.
141. Roberts RJ, et al. Reasons for non-uptake of measles, mumps, and rubella catch up immunization in a measles epidemic and side effects of the vaccine. BJM 1995; 310(6995):1629-1632.
142. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Measles, mumps, and rubella – vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps. Op. cit.
143. Poland GA, Jacobsen RM. Failure to reach the goal of measles elimination. Apparent paradox of measles infections in immunized persons. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154(16):1815-1820.
144. Markowitz LE, Preblud SR, Orenstein WA, et al. Transmission in measles outbreaks in the United States, 1985-1986. N Engl J Med 1989; 32:75-81.
145. Edmonson MB, Addiss DG, McPherson Jt, et al. Mild measles and secondary vaccine failure during a sustained outbreak in a highly vaccinated population. JAMA 1990; 263:2467-71.
146. Gustafson TL, et al., Measles outbreak in a fully immunized secondary-school population. NEJM 1987; 316(13):771-4.
147. Maldonado YA, et al. Early loss of passive measles antibody in infants of mothers with vaccine-induced immunity. Pediatrics 1995; 96(3 Pt 1):447-450.
148. Miller E, et al. Antibodies to measles, mumps and rubella in UK children 4 years after vaccination with different MMR vaccines. Vaccine 1995; 13(9):799-802.
149. Whittle H, et al. Poor serologic responses five to seven years after immunization with high and standard titer measles vaccines. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18(1):53-57.
150. Murphy J. What Every Parent Should Know About Childhood Immunization. Boston; Earth Healing Products; 1993:114.
151. Gary Null Interview with Jamie Murphy, April 7, 1995.
152. Auwaerter PG, Hussey GD, Goddard EA, et al. Changes within T cell receptor V beta subsets in infants following measles vaccination. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1996; 79(2):163-170.
153. Ward BJ. Changes in cytokine production after measles virus vaccination: predominant production of IL-4 suggests induction of a Th2 response. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1993; 67(2):171.
154. Thompson NP, Montgomery SM, Pauder, et al. Is measles vaccination a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease? Lancet 1995; 345(8957):1071-1074.
155. Gunn T. Response to W.H.O. evidence for vaccine safety and effectiveness.
156. Aaby P, et al. Child mortality related to seroconversion or lack of seroconversion after measles vaccination. Pediat Infec Dis J 1989; 8(4):197-200.
157. Clemens JD, Stanton BF, Chakraborty J. Measles vaccination and childhood mortality in rural Bangladesh. Am J Epidemiol 1988; 128(6 ):1330-1339.
158. Hersh BS, et al. Mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated population. J Pediatr 1991; 119(2):187-193
159. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Brief report: Update: Mumps activity---United States, January 1—October 7, 2006. MMWR 2006; 55(42):1152-1153.
160. Ibid.
161. Cheek, JE, Baron R, Atlas H, et al. Mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated school population. Evidence for large-scale vaccination failure. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995; 149(7):774-778.
162. Briss PA, Fehrs LJ, Parker RA, et al. Sustained transmission of mumps in a highly vaccinated population: assessment of primary vaccine failure and waning vaccine-induced immunity. J Infect Dis 1994; 169:77-82.
163. Vandermeulen C, Roelants M, Vermoere M, et al. Outbreak of mumps in a vaccinated child population: a question of vaccine failure? Vaccine 2004; 22(21-22):2713-2716.
164. Cheek JE, op. cit.
165. Briss PA, op. cit.
166. Zimmermann H, et al. Mumps epidemiology in Switzerland: results from the Sentinella surveillance system 1986-1993. Sentinella Work Group. German. Soz Praventivmed 1995; 40(2):80-92.
167. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update: vaccine side effects, adverse reactions, and precautions. MMWR 1996; 45(RR-12):1-35.
168. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccines timeline. Last modified April 29, 2005. www.cdc.gov/nip/vaccine/vacc-timeline.htm.
169. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology. Vaccines and their future role in public health, July 1995, and Dawbarns, Solicitors, Kyngs Lynn, MMR and MR Factsheet.
170. Dourado I, Cunha S, Teixeira MG, et al. Outbreak of aseptic meningitis associated with mass vaccination with a urabe-containing measles-mumps-rubella vaccine: implications for immunization programs. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151(5):524-530.
171. Hillary IB, et al. Persistence of rubella antibodies 15 years after subcutaneous administration of Wistar 27/3 strain live attenuated rubella virus vaccine. JAMA 1981; 245(7):711-713.
172. Howson CP, Fineberg HV. Adverse events following pertussis and rubella vaccines. summary of a report of the Institute of Medicine. JAMA 1992; 267(3):392-396.

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