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From the Townsend Letter
January 2015

The Green Smoothie Fad:
This Road to Health Hell is Paved with Toxic Oxalate Crystals
by William Shaw, PhD
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Notes
1.      Kohmani EF. Oxalic acid in foods and its behavior and fate in the diet. J Nutr. 1939;18(3):233–246.
2.      Tsao G. Production of oxalic acid by a wood-rotting fungus. Appl Microbiol. 1963 May;11(3):249–254.
3.      Takeuchi H, Konishi T, Tomoyoshi T. Observation on fungi within urinary stones. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1987;May;33(5):658–661.
4.      Lee SH, Barnes WG, Schaetzel WP. Pulmonary aspergillosis and the importance of oxalate crystal recognition in cytology specimens. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1986;Dec;110(12):1176–1179.
5.      Muntz FH. Oxalate-producing pulmonary aspergillosis in an alpaca. Vet Pathol. 1999 Nov;36(6):631–632.
6.      Loewus FA, Saito K, Suto RK, Maring E. Conversion of D-arabinose to D-erythroascorbic acid and oxalic acid in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Jul 6;212(1):196–203.
7.      Fomina M, Hillier S, Charnock JM, Melville K, Alexander IJ, Gadd GM. Role of oxalic acid overexcretion in transformations of toxic metal minerals by Beauveria caledonica. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 Jan;71(1):371–381.
8.      Ruijter GJG, van de Vondervoort PJI, Visser J. Oxalic acid production by Aspergillus niger: an oxalate-non-producing mutant produces citric acid at pH 5 and in the presence of manganese. Microbiology. 1999;145, 2569–2576.
9.      Ghio AJ, Peterseim DS, Roggli VL, Piantadosi CA. Pulmonary oxalate deposition associated with Aspergillus niger infection. An oxidant hypothesis of toxicity. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992 Jun;145(6):1499–1502.
10.    Takeuchi H, Konishi T, Tomoyoshi T. Detection by light microscopy of Candida in thin sections of bladder stone. Urology. 1989 Dec;34(6):385–387.
11.    Ghio AJ, Roggli VL, Kennedy TP, Piantadosi CA. Calcium oxalate and iron accumulation in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 2000 Jun;17(2):140–150.
12.    Ott SM, Andress DL, Sherrard DJ. Bone oxalate in a long-term hemodialysis patient who ingested high doses of vitamin C. Am J Kidney Dis. 1986 Dec;8(6):450–454.
13.    Hall BM, Walsh JC, Horvath JS, Lytton DG. Peripheral neuropathy complicating primary hyperoxaluria. J Neurol Sci. 1976 Oct;29(2–4):343–349.
14.    Sahin G, Acikalin MF, Yalcin AU. Erythropoietin resistance as a result of oxalosis in bone marrow. Clin Nephrol. (2005) May;63(5):402–404.
15.    Sarma AV, Foxman B, Bayirli B, Haefner H, Sobel JD. Epidemiology of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: an exploratory case-control study. Sex Transm Infect. (1999) Oct;75(5):320–326.
16.    Guaifenesin, fibromyalgia and oxalates [blog post]. Aussie Mum/Wise Witch. http://wisewitch.blogspot.com/2006/07/guaifenesinfibromyalgia-and-oxalates.html.
17.    Vulvadynia/vestibulitis: overview [Web page]. DiagnoseMe.com. http://www.diagnose-me.com/symptoms-of/vulvodynia-vestibulitis.html.
18.    Solomon C. Low oxalate treatment [online article]. Vulvar Pain Foundation. http://www.vulvarpainfoundation.org/Lowoxalatetreatment.htm.
19.    Fishbein GA, Micheletti RG, Currier JS, Singer E, Fishbein MC. Atherosclerotic oxalosis in coronary arteries. Cardiovasc Pathol. (2008);17(2):117–123.
20.    Levin RI, PW Kantoff, EA Jaffe. Uremic levels of oxalic acid suppress replication and migration of human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. (1990);10:198–120.
21.    Di Pasquale G, Ribani M, Andreoli A, Angelo Zampa G, Pinelli G. Cardioembolic stroke in primary oxalosis with cardiac involvement. Stroke. (1989);20:1403–1406.
22.    Ziolkowski F, Perrin DD. Dissolution of urinary stones by calcium-chelating agents: A study using a model system. Invest Urol. (1977);Nov;15(3):208–211.
23.    Burns JR, Cargill JG 3rd. Kinetics of dissolution of calcium oxalate calculi with calcium-chelating irrigating solutions. J Urol. (1987 )Mar;137(3):530–533.
24.    Shaw W. Oxalates:test implications for yeast & heavy metals [online article]. The Great Plains Laboratory, Inc. http://www.greatplainslaboratory.com/home/eng/oxalates.asp. retrievedAccessed Oct. 16, 2014.
25.    Kaminishi H, Hagihara Y, Hayashi S, Cho T. Isolation and characteristics of collagenolytic enzyme produced by Candida albicans. Infect Immun. (1986) August; 53(2):312–316.
26.    Shirane Y, Kurokawa Y, Miyashita S, Komatsu H, Kagawa S. Study of inhibition mechanisms of glycosaminoglycans on calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals by atomic force microscopy. Urol Res. (1999) Dec; 27(6):426–431.
27.    Chetyrkin SV, Kim D, Belmont JM, Scheinman JI, Hudson BG, Voziyan PA. Pyridoxamine lowers kidney crystals in experimental hyperoxaluria: a potential therapy for primary hyperoxaluria. Kidney Int. (2005) Jan;67(1):53-–60.
28.    Morrison C. Ditch healthy berries to beat muscle pain: the eating plan that helped me cure my aches and pains [online article]. Daily Mail Online. August 13, 2012. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2187890/Ditch-health-berries-beat-muscle-pain-The-eating-plan-helped-cure-aches-pains.html. Accessed November 21, 2014.

William Shaw, PhDWilliam Shaw, PhD, is board certified in the fields of clinical chemistry and toxicology by the American Board of Clinical Chemistry.  Before he founded the Great Plains Laboratory Inc., Dr. Shaw worked for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri at Kansas City School of Medicine, and Smith Kline Laboratories.  He is the author of Biological Treatments for Autism and PDD, originally published in 1998, and Autism: Beyond the Basics, published in 2009. He is also a frequent speaker at conferences worldwide.
  He is the stepfather of a child with autism and has helped thousands of patients and medical practitioners to  successfully improve the lives of people with autism, AD(H)D, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, bipolar disorder, chronic fatigue, depression, fibromyalgia, immune deficiencies, multiple sclerosis, OCD, Parkinson's disease, seizure disorders, tic disorders, Tourette syndrome, and other serious conditions.

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