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From the Townsend Letter
February/March 2015

SIBO: Dysbiosis Has A New Name
by Steven Sandberg-Lewis, ND, DHANP and Allison Siebecker, ND, MSOM

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34.    Pimentel M. Gut microbes and irritable bowel syndrome [webcast]. GastroIntestinal Health Foundation. July 20, 2012. http://www.gihealthfoundation.org/coe/ibs/webcast/2012/july/MPimentel/?link=2012/july
/MPimentel&cme_proj_id=12&actionPage=topics/Gut_Microbes_and_IBS/request-for-credit.cfm?cme_proj_id=12
. Accessed on October 27, 2012.
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36.    Pyleris E et al. The prevalence of overgrowth by aerobic bacteria in the small intestine by small bowel culture: relationship with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 2012 May;57(5):1321–1329.
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41.    Rodríguez LA. Ruigómez A. Increased risk of irritable bowel syndrome after bacterial gastroenteritis: cohort study. BMJ. 1999 Feb 27;318(7183):565–566.
42.    Ibid.
43.    Beatty JK. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome: mechanistic insights into chronic disturbances following enteric infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Apr 14;20(14):3976–3985.
44.    Zanini B. Incidence of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome and functional intestinal disorders following a water-borne viral gastroenteritis outbreak. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 Jun;107(6):891–899.
45.    Hanevik K. Development of functional gastrointestinal disorders after Giardia lamblia infection. BMC Gastroenterol. 2009 Apr 21;9:27.
46.    Pokkunuri V. Role of cytolethal distending toxin in altered stool form and bowel phenotypes in a rat model of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2012 Oct;18(4):434–442.
47.    Pimentel M. Low-dose nocturnal tegaserod or erythromycin delays symptom recurrence after treatment of irritable bowel syndrome based on presumed bacterial overgrowth.
Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2009 Jun;5(6):435–442.
48.    Pokkunuri. Op cit.
49.    Sung J et al Effect of repeated Campylobacter jejuni infection on gut flora and mucosal defense in a rat model of post infectious functional and microbial bowel changes.
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50.    Pimentel M et al. Autoimmunity links vinculin to the pathophysiology of functional bowel changes following Campylobacter jejuni infection in a rat model.
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51.    Kim G. Methanobrevibacter smithii is the predominant methanogen in patients with constipation-predominant IBS and methane on breath.
Dig Dis Sci. 2012 Dec;57(12):3213–3218.
52.    Dridi B. High prevalence of Methanobrevibacter smithii and Methanosphaera stadtmanae detected in the human gut using an improved DNA detection protocol.
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53.    Youn YH, Park JS, Jahng JH, et al. Relationships among the lactulose breath test, intestinal gas volume, and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
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54.    Gottschall E.
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55.    Elsenbruch S. Abdominal pain in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: a review of putative psychological, neural and neuro-immune mechanisms.
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56.    Pimentel M. A New IBS Solution. Sherman Oaks, CA; Health Point Press; 2006.
57.    Pimentel M, Mayer AG, Park S, Chow EJ, Hasan A, Kong Y. Methane production during lactulose breath test is associated with gastrointestinal disease presentation.
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58.    Kunkel D et al. Methane on breath testing is associated with constipation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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59.    Pimentel M, Lin HC, Enayati P, et al. Methane, a gas produced by enteric bacteria, slows intestinal transit and augments small intestinal contractile activity.
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60.    Chatterjee S et al. The degree of breath methane production in IBS correlates with the severity of constipation.
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61.    Pimentel M, Mayer AG, Park S, Chow EJ, Hasan A, Kong Y. Methane production during lactulose breath test is associated with gastrointestinal disease presentation.
Dig Dis Sci. 2003 Jan;48(1):86–92.
62.    Kim KM, Erosive esophagitis may be related to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
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63.    Singh VV, Toskes PP. Small bowel bacterial overgrowth: presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
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64.    Leung Ki EL. Small intestine bacterial overgrowth.
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65.    DiBaise JK. Nutritional consequences of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
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66.    Prizont R. Glycoprotein degradation in the blind loop syndrome: identification of glycosidases in jejunal contents.
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67.    Lauritano EC, Valenza V, Sparano L, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and intestinal permeability.
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68.    Resnick C. Nutritional protocol for the treatment of intestinal permeability defects and related conditions.
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69.    Lactulose solution USP label. Pharmaceutical Assoc. Inc. Greenville, SC 29605.
70.    Pimentel M. Report from the multinational irritable bowel syndrome initiative 2012.
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71.    Eisenmann A et al. Implementation and interpretation of hydrogen breath tests.
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72.    Costa MB. Evaluation of small intestine bacterial overgrowth in patients with functional dyspepsia through H2 breath test.
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73.    Pimentel M. Lecture at the SIBO Symposium. Portland OR; 2014.
74.    Ibid.
75.    Attaluri A. Methanogenic flora is associated with altered colonic transit but not stool characteristics in constipation without IBS.
Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Jun;105(6):1407–1411.
76.    Quigley EM, Quera R. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: roles of antibiotics, prebiotics, and probiotics.
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77.    Quin Tron Instrument Company Inc.Quin Tron catalog and information. 2012:22.
78.    Pimentel.
New IBS Solution. 2006.
79.    Gottschall.
Breaking the Vicious Cycle. 1994.
80.    Siebecker A. SIBO Specific Diet food guide. Available at http://www.siboinfo.com/uploads/5/4/8/4/5484269/sibo_specific_diet_food_guide_sept_2014.pdf.
81.    Ong DK. Manipulation of dietary short chain carbohydrates alters the pattern of gas production and genesis of symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 Aug;25(8):1366–1373.
82.    Nieves R, Jackson RT. Specific carbohydrate diet in treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
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83.    Choung RS. Clinical predictors of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth by duodenal aspirate culture.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 May;33(9):1059–1067.
84.    Shepherd SJ. The role of FODMAPs in irritable bowel syndrome.
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2014 Nov;17(6):605–609.
85.    Staudacher HM, Whelan K, Irving PM, Lomer MC. Comparison of symptom response following advice for a diet low in fermentable carbohydrates (FODMAPs) versus standard dietary advice in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
J Hum Nutr Diet. 2011 Oct;24(5):487–495.
86.      Pimentel M, Constantino T. A 14-day elemental diet is highly effective in normalizing the lactulose breath test.
Dig Dis Sci. 2004 Jan;49(1):73–77.
87.      Ibid.
88.      Logan AC, Beaulne TM. The treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth with enteric-coated peppermint oil: a case report.
Altern Med Rev. 2002 Oct;7(5):410–417.
89.      Chedid V. Herbal therapy is equivalent to rifaximin for the treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
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90.      Scarpignato C, Pelosini I. Experimental and clinical pharmacology of rifaximin, a gastrointestinal selective antibiotic.
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91.      Lombardo L, Increased Incidence of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth During Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy.
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010 June; 8(6):504–508.
92.      Pimentel M, Lembo A. TARGET Study Group. Rifaximin therapy for patients with irritable bowel syndrome without constipation.
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93.      Scarpellini E et al. Rifaximin treatment for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in children with irritable bowel syndrome.
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013 May;17(10):1314–1320.
94.      Muniyappa P et al. Use and safety of rifaximin in children with inflammatory bowel disease.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009 Oct;49(4):400–404.
95.      Scarpignato C. Pelosini I. Experimental and clinical pharmacology of rifaximin, a gastrointestinal selective antibiotic.
Digestion. 2006;73 Suppl 1:13–27.
96.      Debbia EA, Maioli E, Roveta S, Marchese A. Effects of rifaximin on bacterial virulence mechanisms at supra- and sub-inhibitory concentrations.
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97.      Yang J, Lee HR, Low K, Chatterjee S, Pimentel M. Rifaximin versus other antibiotics in the primary treatment and retreatment of bacterial overgrowth in IBS.
Dig Dis Sci. 2008 Jan;53(1):169–174
98.      Mencarelli A. Inhibition of NF-kB by a PXR-dependent pathway mediates counter-regulatory activities of rifaximin on innate immunity in intestinal epithelial cells.
Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 Oct 1;668(1–2):317–324.
99.      Low K, Hwang L, Hua J, Zhu A, Morales W, Pimentel M. A combination of rifaximin and neomycin is most effective in treating irritable bowel syndrome patients with methane on lactulose breath test.
J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010 Sep;44(8):547–550.
100.    Furnari M, Clinical trial: the combination of rifaximin with partially hydrolysed guar gum is more effective than rifaximin alone in eradicating small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Oct;32(8):1000–1006.
101.    Bang C. Biofilm formation of mucosa-associated methanoarchaeal strains.
Front Microbiol. 2014 Jul 8;5:353.
102.    Pimentel M, Morales W. Low-dose nocturnal tegaserod or erythromycin delays symptom recurrence after treatment of irritable bowel syndrome based on presumed bacterial overgrowth.
Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2009 Jun;5(6):435–442.
103.    Pimentel M. An evidence-based treatment algorithm for IBS based on a bacterial/SIBO hypothesis: Part 2.
Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Jun;105(6):1227–1230.
104.    Pimentel M, Morales W. Low-dose nocturnal tegaserod or erythromycin delays symptom recurrence after treatment of irritable bowel syndrome based on presumed bacterial overgrowth.
Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2009 Jun;5(6):435–442.
105.    Ochoa-Cortes F. Potential for developing purinergic drugs for gastrointestinal diseases.
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106.    Braden B. Clinical effects of STW 5 (Iberogast) are not based on acceleration of gastric emptying in patients with functional dyspepsia and gastroparesis.
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107.    Rösch W. A randomised clinical trial comparing the efficacy of a herbal preparation STW 5 with the prokinetic drug cisapride in patients with dysmotility type of functional dyspepsia.
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108.    Raedsch R. Assessment of the efficacy and safety of the phytopharmacon STW 5 versus metoclopramide in functional dyspepsia–a retrospective cohort study.
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109.    Leichtle K. Experience reports of the application of Iberogast in children. Research report. Steigerwald: Arzneimittelwerk; 1999.
110.    Gundermann KJ, Vinson B, Hänicke S. Die funktionelle Dyspepsie bei Kindern – eine retrospektive Studie mit einem Phytopharmakon.
Päd. 2004;10:1–6.
111.    Ploesser J, Weinstock LB, Thomas E. Low dose naltrexone: side effects and efficacy in gastrointestinal disorders.
Int J Pharm Compd. March 2010.
112.    Pimentel M, Morales W. Low-dose nocturnal tegaserod or erythromycin delays symptom recurrence after treatment of irritable bowel syndrome based on presumed bacterial overgrowth.
Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2009 Jun;5(6):435–442.
113.    Pimentel M, Morales W. Low-dose nocturnal tegaserod or erythromycin delays symptom recurrence after treatment of irritable bowel syndrome based on presumed bacterial overgrowth.
Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2009 Jun;5(6):435–442.
114.    Manabe N, Rao AS, Wong BS, Camilleri M. Emerging pharmacologic therapies for irritable bowel syndrome.
Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2010 Oct;12(5):408–416.
115.    Pimentel.
New IBS Solution. 2006.
116.    Lauritano EC. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and intestinal permeability.
Scand J Gastroenterol. 2010 Sep;45(9):1131–1132.

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