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From the Townsend Letter
February/March 2015

What Potentially Evil Molecule Is Actually Lurking In Your Dairy Products?
by Jim Cross, LAc, ND
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Notes
1.   Nancy Wertheimer, who linked magnetic fields to childhood leukemia, dies [online article]. Microwave News. http://microwavenews.com/news-center/nancy-wertheimer-who-linked-magnetic-fields-childhood-leukemia-dies.
2.   Milk protein [online article]. Milk Facts. http://www.milkfacts.info/Milk%20Composition/Protein.htm.
3.   Woodford K. Devil in the Milk: Illness, Health and Politics: A1 and A2 Milk. Wellington, NZ: Craig Potton Publishing; 2007.
4.   Ng-Kwai-Hang KF, Grosclaude F. Genetic polymorphism of milk proteins. In: Fox PF, McSweeney PLH, eds. Advanced Dairy Chemistry. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2002:737–814.
5.   Woodford. Op cit.
6.   Mishra BP, Mukesh M, Prakash B, et al. Status of milk protein, ß-casein variants among Indian milch animals. Ind J Anim Sci. 2009;79(7):722–725.
7.   Scientific Report of EFSA prepared by a DATEX Working Group on the potential health impact of beta-casomorphins and related peptides. EFSA Scientific Report. 2009;231:1–107; cited 3 October 2011.
8.   Woodford. Op cit.
9.   Jinsmaa Y, Yoshikawa M. Enzymatic release of neocasomorphin and beta-casomorphin from bovine beta-casein. Peptides. 1999;20(8):957–962.
10.  Boutrou R, Gaudichon C, Dupont D, et al. Sequential release of milk protein-derived bioactive peptides in the jejunum in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(6):1314–1323.
11.  Zoghbi S, Trompette A, Claustre J, et al. Beta-Casomorphin-7 regulates the secretion and expression of gastrointestinal mucins through a mu-opioid pathway. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2006;290(6):G1105.
12.  Claustre J, Toumi F, Trompette A, et al. Effects of peptides derived from dietary proteins on mucus secretion in rat jejunum. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2002;283(3):G521–528.
13. Sun Z, Cade JR. A peptide found in schizophrenia and autism causes behavioral changes in rats. Autism. 1999;3(1):85–95. 
14. Elitsur Y, Luk GD. Beta-casomorphin (BCM) and human colonic lamina propria lymphocyte proliferation. Clin Exp Immunol. 1991;85(3):493–437.
15.  Kayser H, Meisel H. Stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by bioactive peptides derived from bovine milk proteins. FEBS Lett. 1996;383(1–2):18–20.
16. Elliott RB, Wasmuth HE, Bibby NJ, Hill JP. The role of beta-casein variants in the induction of insulin-dependent diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse and humans. Seminar on Milk protein Polymorphism. IDF Special Issue no. 9702. International Dairy Federation, Brussels; 1997.
17. Henschen A, Lottspeich F, Brantl V, Teschemacher H. Novel opioid peptides derived from casein (beta-casomorphins). II. Structure of active components from bovine casein peptone. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem. 1979;360(9):1217–1224
18. The A1 vs A2 milk story. MSCC Newsletter. December 2007;69. Available at  http://www.maternity.org.nz/pdfs/THE%20A1%20vs%20A2%20MILK%20CONTROVERSY.pdf
19. McLachlan CN. b-casein A1, ischaemic heart disease mortality, and other illnesses. Med Hypotheses. 2001;56(2):262–272.
20. Muehlenkamp MR, Warthesen JJ. b-casomorphins: analysis in cheese and susceptibility to proteolytic enzymes from Lactococcus lactis ssp Cremoris. J Dairy Sci. 1996;79:20–26.
21. Jarmolowska B, Kostyra E, Krawczuk S, Kostyra H. b-casomorphin-7 isolated from Brie cheese. J Sci Food Agric. 1999;79:1788–1792.
22. McLachlan. Op cit.
23. Weniger JH, Augustini C. Production characters of German cattle breeds. World Rev Anim Prod. 1967;14:62–64.
24. ECC Facts & Figures. Thames Ditton, Surrey: Milk Marketing Board;1977–1989.
25. Evans AE, Ruidavets JB, McCrum EE, et al. Autres pays, autres coeurs? Dietary patterns, risk factors and ischaemic heart disease in Belfast and Toulouse. Q J Med. 1995;88:469–477.
26. Yarnell JWG. The PRIME study: classical risk factors do not explain the several fold differences in risk of coronary heart disease between France and Northern Ireland. QJM. 1998;91:667–676.
27. Kawamoto Y, Namikawa T, Adachi A, et al. A population genetic study on Yaks, cattle and their hybrids in Nepal using milk protein variations. Animal R Tech. 1992;63:563–575.
28. Torreilles J, Guerin MC. Casein-derived peptides can promote human LDL oxidation by a peroxidase-dependent and metal-independent process. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil. 1995;189(5):933–942.
29. Holvoet P, Mertens A, Verhamme P, et al. Circulating oxidized LDL is a useful marker for identifying patients with coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 May;21(5):844–848.
30. Avogaro P, Bon GB, Cazzolato G. Presence of a modified low density lipoprotein in humans. Arteriosclerosis. 1988 Jan–Feb;8(1):79–87.
31. Holvoet P, Perez G, Zhao Z, Brouwers E, Bernar H, Collen D. Malondialdehyde-modified low density lipoproteins in patients with atherosclerotic disease. J Clin Invest. 1995 Jun;95(6):2611–2619.
32. Heinecke JW. Mass spectrometric quantification of amino acid oxidation products in proteins: insights into pathways that promote LDL oxidation in the human artery wall. FASEB J. 1999;13:1113–1120.
33. Torreilles J, Guerin MC. Casein-derived peptides can promote human LDL oxidation by a peroxidase-dependent and metal independent process. [In French.] Compt Rendu Seances Soc Biol Filial. 1995;189:933–945.
34. Steinerova A, Korotvicka M, Racek J, et al. Significant increase in antibodies against oxidized LDL particles (IgoxLDL) in three-month old infants who received milk formula. Atherosclerosis. 2004 Mar;173(1):147–148.
35. Ibid.
36. Annand JC. Hypothesis: heated milk protein and thrombosis. J Atheroscl. 1967;7:798–801.
37. Thomas E. L. Trends in milk flavour. J Dairy Sci. 1981;64: 1023–102764.
38. Ostler W. The Lumleian lectures on angina pectoris. Lancet. 1910;1:697–702,839–844.
39. Elliott RB, Harris DP, Hill JP, at al. Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and cow milk: casein variant consumption. Diabetologia. 1999;42(3):292–296.
40. Thorsdottir I, Birgisdottir BE, Johannsdottir IM, et al. Different beta-casein fractions in Icelandic versus Scandinavian cow's milk may influence diabetogenicity of cow's milk in infancy and explain low incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Iceland. Pediatrics. 2000;106(4):719–724.
41. Laugesen M, Elliott R. Ischaemic heart disease, Type 1 diabetes, and cow milk A1 beta-casein. N Z Med J. 2003;116(1168):U295.
42. Birgisdottir BE, Hill JP, Harris DP, Thorsdottir I. Variation in consumption of cow milk proteins and lower incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Iceland vs the other 4 Nordic countries. Diabetes Nutr Metab. 2002;15(4):240–245.
43. Laugesen M, Elliott R. Ischaemic heart disease, Type 1 diabetes, and cow milk A1 beta-casein. N Z Med J. 2003;116(1168):U295.
44. Birgisdottir BE, Hill JP, Thorsson AV, Thorsdottir I. Lower consumption of cow milk protein A1 beta-casein at 2 years of age, rather than consumption among 11- to 14-year-old adolescents, may explain the lower incidence of type 1 diabetes in Iceland than in Scandinavia. Ann Nutr Metab. 2006;50(3):177–183.
45. Monetini L, Barone F, Stefanini L, et al. Establishment of T cell lines to bovine beta-casein and beta-casein-derived epitopes in patients with type 1 diabetes. J Endocrinol. 2003;176(1):143–150.
46. Banchuin N, Boonyasrisawat W, Vannasaeng S, et al. Cell-mediated immune responses to GAD and beta-casein in type 1 diabetes mellitus in Thailand. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002;55(3):237–245.
47. Cavallo MG, Fava D, Monetini L, et al. Cell-mediated immune response to beta casein in recent-onset insulin-dependent diabetes: implications for disease pathogenesis. Lancet. 1996;348(9032):926–928.
48.Cavallo MG, Monetini L, Walker BK, et al. Diabetes and cows' milk. Letter. Lancet. 1996;348(9032):1655.
49. Monetini L, Cavallo MG, Stefanini L, et al. Bovine beta-casein antibodies in breast- and bottle-fed infants: their relevance in Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2001;17(1):51–54.
50. Padberg S, Schumm-Draeger PM, Petzoldt R, et al. The significance of A1 and A2 antibodies against beta-casein in type-1 diabetes mellitus. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1999;124(50):1518–1521.
51. Cavallo MG, Fava D, Monetini L, et al. Cell-mediated immune response to beta casein in recent-onset insulin-dependent diabetes: implications for disease pathogenesis. Lancet. 1996;348(9032):926–928.
52.Pozzilli P. Beta-casein in cow's milk: a major antigenic determinant for type 1 diabetes? J Endocrinol Invest. 1999;22(7):562–567.
53. Inman LR, McAllister CT, Chen L, et al. Autoantibodies to the GLUT-2 glucose transporter of beta cells in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus of recent onset. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993;90(4):1281–1284.
54. Pozzilli P. Beta-casein in cow's milk: a major antigenic determinant for type 1 diabetes? J Endocrinol Invest. 1999;22(7):562–567.
55. Cavallo MG, Fava D, Monetini L, et al. Cell-mediated immune response to beta casein in recent-onset insulin-dependent diabetes: implications for disease pathogenesis. Lancet. 1996;348(9032):926–928.
56. De Noni I, Cattaneo S. Occurrence of beta-casomorphins 5 and 7 in commercial dairy products and in their digests following in vitro simulated gastro-intestinal digestion. Food Chem. 2010;119(2):560–566.
57. Ibid.
58.Schlabach F. What is A1 versus A2 milk? [online article]. Handpicked Nation. Jan. 2, 2013. http://www.handpickednation.com/what-is-a1-versus-a2-milk.
  

I would sincerely like to thank Dr. Keith Woodford. I conceived the idea of writing this article after reading his brilliant book about A1/A2 milk, Devil In the Milk. He is a truly independent thinker and researcher who truly follows what I call the scientific attitude: follow the evidence unbiasedly, no matter where it leads.

Jim CrossJim Cross graduated with a degree in biology from the University of California at Davis in 1975 and with a secondary teaching credential in life science from California State University, Sacramento, in 1976. Wanting to initially see more of the world and expand his knowledge of different regions and their people, he traveled and worked in Germany, Switzerland, Holland, Taiwan, and Alaska. Having been helped by a naturopath, he became part of the first-year class at Pacific College of Naturopathic Medicine in little Monte Rio on the Russian River in Sonoma County, California. After PCNM folded, he finished his naturopathic studies at National College of Natural Medicine in Portland, Oregon, in 1984. He later earned his LAc at San Francisco College of Acupuncture in 1989. He has practiced acupuncture and naturopathy in the tiny Northern Sierra town of Quincy since 1990. He has also taught anatomy and physiology at tiny Feather River College in Quincy since moving there. He and his family are extremely lucky to live in a beautiful area where there are more trees than people and that also allows him to practice the hydrotherapy that he learned in naturopathic school from Wade Boyle, ND, by jumping in the local creek one or two times each week all winter. He also wishes that his mother had lived to see him become a doctor, because she was an RN and his first medical teacher. As a child, whenever he was sick, he was made to fast on ginger ale until his symptoms abated. She also taught him, being the good German that she was, to alternate hot and cold in injuries that he incurred playing basketball in high school and college. His true passion is to open an in-patient medical facility in the Sierra Nevada for people with chronic disease. 

Dr. Cross also taught at American College of Traditional Chinese Medicine in San Francisco from 1999 to 2005. He has taught ad currently teaches continuing education classes for professionals focusing primarily on nutrition and its relation to optimal health and treatment of chronic disease. He has taught weekend seminars utilizing nutrition to normalize neurotransmitter function and treat addiction, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. He can be reached at thias1020@yahoo.com to schedule speaking engagements.

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