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From the Townsend Letter
April 2013

Breast Cancer Update: An Integrative Perspective
by Lise Alschuler, ND, FABNO
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Notes
1.   Howlader N, Krapcho M, Neyman N, et al., eds. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2008. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute.
2.   US cancer mortality down by 20%, more for major cancers. Medscape. Jan. 18, 2013.
3.   Wu Y, Zhang D, Kang S. Physician activity and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Breast Cancer Res Treat. Epub Dec. 30, 2012.
4.   Ring A, Dowsett M. Mechanisms of tamoxifen resistance. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2004 Dec;11(4):643–658.
5.   Maor S, Mayer D, Yarden RI, et al. Estrogen receptor regulates insulin-like growth factor-I receptor gene expression in breast tumor cells: involvement of transcription factor Sp1. J Endocrinol. 2006 Dec;191(3):605–612.
6.   Fuhrman BJ, Schairer C, Gail MH, et al. Estrogen metabolism and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104:1–14
7.   Giles E, Wellberg E, Astling D, et al. Obesity and overfeeding affecting both tumor and systemic metabolism activates the progesterone receptor to contribute to postmenopausal breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2012;72:6490–6501.
8.   Crandall CJ, Aragaki AK, Cauley JA, et al. Breast tenderness and breast cancer risk in the estrogen plus progestin and estrogen-alone women's health initiative clinical trials. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012 Feb;132(1):275–285.
9.   Chlebowski RT, Anderson G, Manson JE, et al. Estrogen alone in postmenopausal women and breast cancer detection by means of mammography and breast biopsy. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jun 1;28(16):2690–2697.
10. Bleyer A, Welch H. Effect of three decades of screening mammography on breast-cancer incidence. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1998–2005.
11. Ibid.
12. Walker D, Kaczor T. Breast thermography: history, theory, and use: is this screening tool adequate for standalone use? Nat Med J. Epub July 3, 2012.
13. Fisher B, Dignam J, Wolmark N. Lumpectomy and radiation therapy for the treatment of intraductal breast cancer: findings from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-17. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Feb;16(2):441–452.
14. Irwin ML, Smith AW, McTiernan A, et al. Influence of pre- and postdiagnosis physical activity on mortality in breast cancer survivors: the health, eating, activity, and lifestyle study. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Aug 20;26(24):3958–3964.
15. Wu et al. Op cit.
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18. Bradshaw PT, Sagiv SK, Kabat GC, et al. Consumption of sweet foods and breast cancer risk: a case-control study of women on Long Island, New York. Cancer Causes Control. 2009 Oct;20(8):1509–1515.
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20. Maruti SS, Ulrich CM, White E. Folate and one-carbon metabolism nutrients from supplements and diet in relation to breast cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Feb;89(2):624–633.
21. Kakizaki M, Kuriyama S, Sone T, et al. Sleep duration and the risk of breast cancer: the Ohsaki Cohort Study. Br J Cancer. 2008 Nov 4;99(9):1502–1505.
22. Lillberg K et al. Stressful life events and risk of breast cancer in 10,808 women: a cohort study. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(5):415–423.
23. Penninx BW et al. Chronically depressed mood and cancer risk in older persons. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90(24):1888–1893.
24. Price MA et al. The role of psychosocial factors in the development of breast carcinoma: Part I. The cancer prone personality. Cancer. 2001;91(4):679–685.
25. Einbond LS, Shimizu M, Xiao D, et al. Growth inhibitory activity of extracts and purified components of black cohosh on human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2004 Feb;83(3):221–231.
26. Henneicke-von Zepelin HH, Meden H, Kostev K, et al. Isopropanolic black cohosh extract and recurrence-free survival after breast cancer. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Mar;45(3):143–154.
27. Rebbeck TR, Troxel AB, Norman S, et al. A retrospective case-control study of the use of hormone-related supplements and association with breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2007 Apr 1;120(7):1523–1528.
28. Nakachi K, Suemasu K, Suga K, et al. Influence of drinking green tea on breast cancer malignancy among Japanese patients. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1998 Mar;89(3):254–261.
29. Inoue M, Tajima K, Mizutani M, et al. Regular consumption of green tea and the risk of breast cancer recurrence: follow-up study from the Hospital-based Epidemiologic Research Program at Aichi Cancer Center (HERPACC), Japan. Cancer Lett. 2001 Jun 26;167(2):175–182.
30. Reed GA, Peterson KS, Smith HJ, A phase I study of indole-3-carbinol in women: tolerability and effects. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005 Aug;14(8):1953–1960.
31. Dalessandri KM, Firestone GL, Fitch MD, et al. Pilot study: effect of 3,3'-diindolylmethane supplements on urinary hormone metabolites in postmenopausal women with a history of early-stage breast cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2004;50(2):161–167.
32. Blask DE, Dauchy RT, Sauer LA. Putting cancer to sleep at night: the neuroendocrine/circadian melatonin signal. Endocrine. 2005 Jul;27(2):179–188.
33. Sánchez-Barceló EJ, Cos S, Mediavilla D, et al. Melatonin-estrogen interactions in breast cancer. J Pineal Res. 2005 May;38(4):217–222.
34. Schernhammer ES, Hankinson SE. Urinary melatonin levels and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Jul 20;97(14):1084–1087.
35. Lissoni P, Barni S, Meregalli S, et al. Modulation of cancer endocrine therapy by melatonin: a phase II study of tamoxifen plus melatonin in metastatic breast cancer patients progressing under tamoxifen alone. Br J Cancer. 1995 Apr;71(4):854–856.
36. Toi M, Hattori T, Akagi M, et al. Randomized adjuvant trial to evaluate the addition of tamoxifen and PSK to chemotherapy in patients with primary breast cancer. 5-Year results from the Nishi-Nippon Group of the Adjuvant Chemoendocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer Organization. Cancer. 1992 Nov 15;70(10):2475–2483.
37. Iino Y, Yokoe T, Maemura M, et al. Immunochemotherapies versus chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment after curative resection of operable breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 1995 Nov–Dec;15(6B):2907–2911.
38. Lowe, L. C., et al. 2005. Plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations, vitamin D receptor genotype and breast cancer risk in a UK Caucasian population. Eur J Cancer. 41(8):1164–1169.

Lise AlschulerDr. Lise Alschuler received her ND degree from Bastyr University in 1994 and is board certified in naturopathic oncology. She is past president of the American Association of Naturopathic Physicians and was a founding board member of the Oncology Association of Naturopathic Physicians. She is the coauthor of The Definitive Guide to Cancer: An Integrative Approach to Prevention, Treatment and Healing, now in its 3rd edition (Random House, 2010) and Five To Thrive: Your Cutting-Edge Cancer Prevention Plan (AIM Publishers, 2011). She, along with her coauthor Karolyn Gazella, have created www.FiveToThrivePlan.com, a multimedia website dedicated to sharing information about integrative cancer prevention and treatment. They also cohost a daily radio show, Five To Thrive Live! on www.w4CS.com, which provides listeners with tools for living healthier lives in the face of cancer.

 

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