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From the Townsend Letter
April 2008

 

Systemic Intracellular Bacterial Infections (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Borrelia species) in Neurodegenerative (Multiple Sclerosis, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Alzheimer's) and Behavioral (Autistic Spectrum Disorders) Diseases
by Prof. Garth L. Nicolson


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Page 1, Notes

Notes
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45. Balin BJ, Appelt DM. Role of infection in Alzheimer's disease. J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc. 2001; 101(Suppl 12):S1-S6.
46. Yucesan C, Sriram S. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the central nervous system. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 2001: 14:355-359.
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48. Gerard HC, Dreses-Werringloer U, Wildt KS, Deka S, Oszust C, et al. Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) penumoniae in the Alzheimer's brain. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 2006; 48:355-366.
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50. Little CS, Hammond CJ, MacIntyre A, Balin BJ, Appelt DM. Chlamydia pneumoniae induces Alzheimer-like amyloid plaques in brains of BALB/c mice. Neurobiol. Aging. 2004; 25:419-429.
51. Ring RH, Lyons JM. Failure to detect Chlaymdia pneumoniae in the late-onset Alzheimer's brain. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2000; 38:2591-2594.
52. Gieffers J, Reusche E, Solbach W, Maass M. Failure to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae in brain sections of alzheimer's disease patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2000; 38:881-882.
53. Meer-Scheerer L, Chang Loa C, Adelson ME, Mordechai E, Lobrinus JA, Fallon BA, Tilton RC. Lyme disease associated with Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Microbiol. 2006; 52:330-332.
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55. MacDonald AB. Alzheimer's disease Braak Stage progressions: reexamined and redefined as Borrelia infection transmission through neural circuits. Med. Hypotheses. 2007; 68:1059-1064.
56. Miklossy J, Khalili K, Gern L, Ericson RL, Darekar P, Bolle L, Hurlimann J, Paster BJ. Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the brain in chronic Lyme neuroborreliosis and may be associated with Alzheimer's disease. J. Alzheimer's Dis. 2004; 6:639-649.
57. MacDonald AB. Plaques of Alzheimer's disease orginate from cysts of Borrelia Burgdorferi, the Lyme disease spirochete. Med. Hypotheses. 2006; 67:592-600.
58. Glabe C. Intracellular mechanisms of amyloid accumulation and pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. J. Mol. Neurosci. 2001; 17:137-135.
59. Marques AR, Weir SC, Fahle GA, Fischer SH. Lack of evidence of Borrelia involvement in Alzheimer's disease. J. Infect. Dis. 2000; 182:1006-1007.
60. Denaro FJ, Staub P, Colmer J, Freed DM. Coexistance of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology with Herpes Simplex encephalitis. Cell Mol. Biol. 2003; 49:1233-1240.
61. Lin WR, Shang D, Itzhaki RF. Neurotrophic viruses and Alzheimer's disease. Interaction of Herpes Simplex type-1 virus and apolipoprotein E in the etiology of the disease. Mol. Chem. Neuropathol. 1996; 28:135-141.
62. Itzhaki RF, Lin WR, Shang D, Wilcock GK, Faragher B, Jamieson GA. Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 in brain and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 1997; 349:241-244.
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65. Downing D. Mercury again. J. Nut. Environ. Med, 2000; 10:267–269.
66. Nicolson GL. Chronic infections as a common etiology for many patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia syndrome and Gulf War Illnesses. Intern. J. Med. 1998; 1:42–46.
67. Nicolson GL, Nasralla M, Hier J, Erwin R, Nicolson NL. Mycoplasmal infections in chronic illnesses: fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndromes, Gulf War illness, HIV-AIDS and rheumatoid arthritis. Med. Sentinel, 1999; 4:172–176.
68. Nicolson GL, Nasralla M, Franco AR, De Meirlier K, Nicolson NL, Ngwenya R, Haier J. Mycoplasmal infections in fatigue illnesses: chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndromes, Gulf War illness and rheumatoid arthritis. J. Chronic Fatigue Syndr. 2000; 6(3):23–39.
69. Thornton D. A survey of Mycoplasma detection in vaccines. Vaccine. 1986; 4:237–240.
70. Nicolson, GL, Nasralla MY, Nicolson NL, Haier J. High prevalence of mycoplasmal infections in symptomatic (chronic fatigue syndrome) family members of mycoplasma-positive Gulf War Illness patients. J. Chronic Fatigue Syndr, 2003; 11(2):21-36.
71. Nicolson GL, Nicolson NL. Chronic fatigue illness and Operation Desert Storm. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 1996; 38:14-16.
72. Nicolson GL, Nicolson NL. Diagnosis and treatment of mycoplasmal infections in Persian Gulf War Illness-CFIDS patients. Intern. J. Occup. Med. Immunol. Tox. 1996; 5:69–78.
73. Nicolson GL, Berns P, Gan R, Haier J. Chronic mycoplasmal infections in Gulf War veterans' children and autism patients. Med. Veritas. 2005; 2:383-387.
74. Nicolson GL, Nicolson NL, Nasralla M. Mycoplasmal infections and Chronic Fatigue Illness (Gulf War Illness) associated with deployment to Operation Desert Storm. Intern. J. Med, 1998; 1:80–92.
75. Nicolson GL, Gan R, Nicolson NL, Haier J. Evidence for Mycoplasma, Chlamydia pneunomiae and HHV-6 Co-infections in the blood of patients with autism spectrum disorders. J. Neuroscience Res. 2007; 85:1143-1148.
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79. Nicolson GL, Gan R, Haier J. Multiple co-infections (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, human herpesvirus-6) in blood of chronic fatigue syndrome patients: association with signs and symptoms. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. 2003; 111:557-566.
80. Nicolson, G.L., Nicolson, N.L, Haier, J. Chronic fatigue syndrome patients subsequently diagnosed with Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferi: evidence for Mycoplasma species co-infections. J. Chronic Fatigue Syndr. 2008; in press.
81. Nicolson GL, Gan R, Haier J. Evidence for Brucella spp. and Mycoplasma spp. co-Infections in blood of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients. J. Chronic Fatigue Syndr. 2005; 12(2):5-17.
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85. Nicolson, G.L. Diagnosis and therapy of chronic systemic co-infections in Lyme disease and other tick-borne infectious diseases. Townsend Lett. 2007; 285:93-98.
86. Verdon ME, Sigal LH. Recognition and management of Lyme disease. Amer. Fam. Physician. 1997; 56:427-436.
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91. Eskow E, Rao R-V, Mordechai E. concurrent infection of the central nervous system by Borrelia burgdorferi and Bartonella henselae. Arch. Neurol. 2001; 58:1357-1363.
92. Armengol CE, Hendley JD. Cat-scratch disease encepthalopathy: a cause of status epilepticus in school-aged children. J. Pediatr. 1999; 134:635-638.
93. Mylonakis E. When to suspect and how to monitor Babesiosis. Amer. Family Physican. 2001; 63:1969-1974.
94. Nicolson GL, Nasralla M, Franco AR, Nicolson NL, Erwin R, Ngwenya R, Berns PA. Diagnosis and integrative treatment of intracellular bacterial infections in Chronic Fatigue and Fibromyalgia Syndromes, Gulf War Illness, Rheumatoid Arthritis and other chronic illnesses. Clin. Pract. Alt. Med. 2000; 1(2): 92-102.
95. Nicolson GL, Ngwenya R. Dietary considerations for patients with chronic illnesses and multiple chronic infections. A brief outline of eighteen dietary steps to better health. Townsend Lett. 2001; 219:62-65
96. Nicolson, G.L. Lipid replacement as an adjunct therapy in chronic fatigue, anti-aging and restoration of mitochondrial function. J. Am. Nutraceut. Assoc. 2003; 6(3): 22-28.
97. Nicolson, G.L. Lipid replacement and antioxidant supplements to prevent membrane oxidation and restore mitochondrial function in metabolic syndrome and fatiguing illnesses. Townsend Lett. 2007; 286: 112-120



 

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